He was one of 14 Holy Helpers, grouped together in the Middle Ages, when the Black Death was spreading throughout Europe decimating the population.
For example, chicks from helper-group eggs incubated and raised only by breeding pairs exhibited reduced growth and survival.
Two to four helpers per group were captured by directing them with hand-nets into a plexiglass tube, individually marked and their body measurements were taken (standard length SL in mm, 0.5 mm accuracy).
Overall, there was a strong relationship between annual reproductive success and number of helper males, total number of helpers, and group size, while there was no significant relationship between helper females and reproductive success (Table 1).
In good acorn years, helper males had a strong positive effect on reproduction that carried over into a strong positive correlation between both the total number of helpers and group size with reproductive success, while the effect of helper females was slightly, but nonsignificantly, negative.
We have shown that helpers in groups with high reproductive skew must either be related to the reproductively dominant individual or they must have a chance to become the reproductively dominant individual themselves.
High malaria parasite counts are common in cerebral malaria where there is marked upregulation of the inflammatory/T helper 1 group of cytokines, including interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor α, and IL-12, which are moderated by the production of IL-10.
In a previous paper, we analysed the effects of the treatments on helper survival, helper dispersal and group reproductive success [11].
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