Sentence examples for helper activities from inspiring English sources
The helper activities of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells have been shown to mediate the control of many viral infections and are critical in maintaining HIV-1 suppression[1], [3], [58].
Subsequently, helper activities necessary for the amplification and packaging of dHV genomes were provided in trans by the infection of producer cells with the capsid-modified helper Ad vector Ad.floxedΨ.F50.floxedΨ.F50
CD4+ T lymphocytes then can exert various functions such as helper activities toward other immune cells, e.g. B lymphocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells for their activation [ 1].
Helper activities can also improve mycorrhizal functioning, for instance by mobilising nutrients from soil minerals [ 8] and protecting plants against attack by root pathogens [ 9].
In fact, the very high expression of PD-1, which is characteristic of anergic and senescent T cells, is at odds with the efficient helper activities of TFH cells.
Kim, C.H. et al. Subspecialization of CXCR5+ T cells: B helper activity is focused in a germinal center-localized subset of CXCR5+ T cells.
This suggests a possible role of this cytokine in selectively reconstituting T helper activity to neoantigens [20], [11].
The significant HIV-1 specific proliferative CD4+ T cell responses in immunized mice was indicative of the magnitude of the T helper activity elicited by HIVBr18.
iNKT cells display a powerful helper activity for adaptive T as well as B cell responses, exerted mainly via enhancing antigen presenting functions in DC [10], [11], which result in facilitated priming of peptide-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses.
These T cells provide the helper activity required for affinity maturation, isotype switching and memory cell formation.
Previous studies have reported impairments in CD4+ T-cell helper activity with age, namely a reduction in CD40L upregulation by CD4 T cells on stimulation in mice (Eaton et al., 2004) and humans (Fernandez-Gutierrez et al., 1999).
