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Course material was held constant across semesters.
Force (2.5 N) and velocity (1.5 cm/s) were held constant across conditions.
Besides the resolution timing all other factors, including the timing of payout, are held constant across treatments.
The loudness of the stimuli presentation was held constant across all listeners to a comfortable level.
Thus, the teacher's speech was held constant across the four video lessons.
Model 3: Here, discrimination parameters (alpha _{gi}=c_i) were allowed to vary between the items but were held constant across the countries.
To assess impact of year of map generation, we required ancillary biomass map data where technique of production was held constant across time.
However, the assumptions for the threshold structure were the same as those for Model 1. Model 3: Here, discrimination parameters (alpha _{gi}=c_i) were allowed to vary between the items but were held constant across the countries.
Water availability, which was restricted and held constant across all treatments, could be the limiting resource for V. americana, as is common in vetch species (Gallacher and Sprent 1978; Haffani et al. 2014).
Third, this study was done with just one faculty member although held constant across speech only and speech and gesture instruction, the instructor may have had her own unique contribution to learning that could have either diluted or enhanced the effects of gesture.
Illumination intensity and collection speeds were held constant across samples.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com