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The heights error is the total sum of clade age errors, whether they appear in the reference tree or not.
Using h ¯, we define the heights error, a discrepancy score between clade ages of T = (L, ℂ, h ) and a reference tree T r e f, (1) ε H (T, T ref ) = ∑ c ∈ ℂ | h (c ) − h ¯ ref (c ) |.
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Height change corresponding to 5-m height error is less than 2 mm.
The mean tree height error and location bias of detected trees was 0.88 and 0.91 m.
where Δ x, Δ y, and Δ z represent the along track error, cross track error, and height error, respectively.
Present method has less height error compared to the CIP method of characteristics by several orders of magnitude.
Its generalized use does not require any particular setups or adaptations, and accurate estimations of plant height (error ∼4%) and leaf cover area (error ∼4.5%) were obtained.
With the present approach, part of the unexplained variance when estimating aboveground biomass is associated with error of estimating biomass with field measurements of DBH and height, error associated with lidar-measured height and GPS misregistration errors.
After deriving a new phase-to-height mapping relationship, measurement error which mainly refers to the height error is analyzed with respect to the length of baseline through partial derivative analysis, relative measurement error analysis, and sensitivity analysis.
The noticeable degradation will take place when the radius error Δr a ≥ 3.75 × 10 3 m, the height error Δh ≥ 2.165 × 10−3 m, or the angle velocity error Δω ≥ 0.1346 rad/m.
Tables 6, 7, and 8 show the results of the averaged angle error e1, width error e2, and height error e3 over all frames in each video from the proposed tracker and four analyzed trackers.
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