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The first two principal components, as well as the peak height, valley value, FFT and total energy of spike waveform parameters were calculated for each channel, and units were identified and isolated in high-dimensional space through the use of an autoclustering method (KlustaKwik 1.5) [37].
The axes of cluster space used were spike height, valley, and energy.
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Peak valley height, S y = S p− S v. Peak height, S p = Highest value.
Peak valley height, R y = A p− A v. Peak height, R p = Highest value.
These parameters included the peak, valley, spike height, spike width, peak time, valley time and two user-defined voltage values.
Lower profiles of (a) and (b) are height from valley bottom and electrostatic potential for probe with 0 eV along red lines in upper images, respectively.
Variables studied were groove angle and peak to valley height of the corrugated surface, solution velocity and superficial gas velocity.
Arithmetic mean surface roughness (Ra) and maximum peak to valley height (Rz) are used as response variables to assess the surface roughness of incrementally formed parts.
This parameter, sometimes together with an extreme value parameter, peak to valley height, became embodied in surface roughness standards developed in a number of countries.
For a given solution velocity and superficial gas velocity the mass transfer coefficient was found to increase with increasing groove angle and decrease with increasing groove peak to valley height.
Investigation of the as-moulded surface finish showed that the autoclave cured laminates had lower surface roughness than the Quickstep laminates in terms of arithmetic mean (Ra), maximum peak to valley height (Rt), skewness (Rsk) and kurtosis (Rku).
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