While CBNRM is the dominant paradigm today, it is not hegemonic in practice; the extensive literature on 'communities and conservation' continually emphasises different issues in discourse and practice (Brosius et al. 2005; Dressler et al. 2010).
This top-down approach shows clearly that CBNRM is not hegemonic in practice but also that considerations about communities were secondary.
The hegemonic pattern of masculinity in Nicaragua is machismo.
While acknowledging the importance of complexity and uncertainty in scholarly and activist projects with young men, it is imperative that we avoid falling into the trap of an apologist discourse for young men in relation to male violence and other problematic hegemonic male practices.
Violence against women and girls is highly gendered, and Connell (22) describes gender as relational social practices within our daily life, and places at the top hegemonic masculinity, that is, practices of masculinities that are more socially idealized and associated with social powers than others.
In fact, there were only a small minority of men in our study whose health practices reflected hegemonic masculinity.
Although Athens had in practice had a hegemonic position over the rest of the league since the rebellion of Naxos (470/467 BC) was put down, the process by which the Delian league gradually transformed into the Athenian Empire accelerated after 461 BC.
Both of those movements emerged in resistance to U.S.-backed Israeli violence and aggression, which vastly exceeds anything attributed to these villains, let alone the normal practice of the hegemonic power whose global drone assassination campaign alone dominates (and helps to foster) international terrorism.
In fact most men do not behave according to the ideals of hegemonic masculinity in all their practices, or all the time.
Nonetheless, the dyads illustrated the friction and discomfort that developed when smoking practices reflective of hegemonic masculinity lingered in a shared parenting dynamic.
Researchers have used Connell's overall theoretical framework to describe the continuing contestation of masculinities and to document how masculinities can change over time, allowing new kinds of practice to emerge as hegemonic (Connell and Messerschmidt 2005; Morrell, Jewkes, and Lindegger 2012).
