Intimations of Toyota's return to hegemonic form, after two years mired by recalls and a federal inquiry into reports of unintended acceleration, came at the 2012 Detroit show, when it debuted a rakish Camry concept and, from its Lexus luxury subsidiary, the LF-Lc hybrid sports car concept: a sinuous design statement that earned the prestigious EyesOn Design award for 2012.
Although there are multiple forms of femininity within the contemporary western cultural context, socio-cultural pressures exhort women to present a privileged or hegemonic form of femininity that emphasizes heterosexual romance and that places value on women's appearances (Krane et al. 2004; Ussher 1997).
Connell (21) argues that many cultures nurture a dominant (hegemonic) form of masculinity that demonstrates male power.
In the accompanying exercises, such minimising of sexual violence is challenged by scrutinising common accounts for violence and how they relate to hegemonic forms of masculinity, such as notions of men's entitlement to women's bodies.
In addition, even if it has been argued that Western constructions of masculinities have a strong influence on their local and regional counterparts in other parts of the world (8), regional and local hegemonic forms of masculinity are also shaped by other factors, such as local traditions and migration (4, 9– 11).
Hence, instead of defining 'resistance as the process and act of challenging one's subordinated position in a given social system', as Haslam and Reicher (2012, 155) have done, resistance here is taken as a reactionary social and psychological opposition to challenges to existing gender relations and hegemonic forms of masculinity.
The hegemonic pattern of masculinity in Nicaragua is machismo.
Men's behaviours, including violence and HIV-risk-related practices, can be understood as men attempting to position themselves both individually and publically in relation to hegemonic masculinity, which forms a gender hierarchy (19, 22, 23).
Yet, while these are fruitful approaches for thinking through the micro-politics and processes of change at an individual, group or discursive level, there remains the overarching question of whether these approaches can enable more structural shifts in the form of hegemonic masculinity or whether they leave this unruffled (Jewkes et al. this issue).
According to Hunter (4) this masculinity continues to dominate the gender hierarchy for many working class Black South Africans, potentially forming a hegemonic masculinity (20).
"We need to look at and challenge the ways boys can be gendered into particular forms of hegemonic masculinities that can be damaging for themselves, as well as for women and other people around them," Clisby added.
