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The proposed heavy ion inertial fusion (HIF) scenarios require ampere class low charge state ion beams of heavy species.
The identification of major species with the light species, and of the minor species with the heavy species leads to partitioning the energetics into computed and modeled parts.
For modeling purposes, the heavy species are mathematically decomposed into constituents, which are similar but not identical to groups in the group additivity theory.
The description comprises governing equations for charged and neutral species transport and energy equations for electrons and the heavy species, coupled to equations for the electromagnetic fields.
Due to the reduction process, models are also included for the global constituent molar density, the kinetics-induced enthalpy evolution of the heavy species, the contribution to the reaction rate of the unsteady lights from the heavies, the molar density evolution of oxygen and water, the mole fractions of the quasi-steady light species and the mean molar heat capacity of the heavy species.
This suggests that the energy dissipated in the dc glow discharge was non-thermal (electrons were preferentially heated by the plasma) and heavy species (e.g., gas molecules, atoms, radicals, and ions) were not substantially heated by the plasma.
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The very invention of that plot-heavy species of fiction, the thriller, often involves this kind of secret and ingenious villainy.
Each of these comes in three generations, or "flavours", of successively heavier species.
When a mixture of gaseous molecules spins at high speed in a specially designed closed container, the heaviest species will concentrate near the outer walls and the lightest near the axis.
This year the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which regulates fishing in federal waters, began requiring fishermen in the Gulf of Mexico to use another innovation: hooks that are robust enough to catch "target" species like yellowfin tuna or swordfish but bend and release when grabbed by heavier species like bluefin tuna.
(A.5) (A.6)The loss mechanisms for M+ include recombination and interactions with neutrals to produce heavier species.
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