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In the evaluation of all soil samples, the median heavy metal values of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc were yielding 0.36 (mean: 1.21) mg/kg DM, 37.0 (mean: 44.5) mg/kg DM, 28.0 (mean: 61.5) mg/kg DM, 27.0 (mean: 71.9) mg/kg DM, and 120 (mean: 257) mg/kg DM, respectively.
Table 6 represents the descriptive statistics of heavy metal values in the fish muscles.
The descriptive statistics of heavy metal values are presented in Table 3.The annual means of Mn, Zn, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Pb were 1.09, 10.50, 29.38, 6.87, 2.05, and 5.98 μg/L, respectively.
The southern part of Burullus Lake had the highest heavy metal values as it influenced by the discharge of massive amounts of domestic sewage as well as agricultural and industrial effluents.
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Among the heavy metals, BAF values were found to be higher for Zn, Mn, and Cd, whereas relatively lower BAF values were found in Cu, Cr, and Pb.
After the analysis of all heavy metals, the values are compared with the standard range for drinking water described by the Anonymous, World Health Organisation, 2006 (WHO) (Table 3).
The mean of heavy metal pollution index values is 1.5 and 2.1 in the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, respectively.
The results of heavy metal concentrations (mean values and standard error /SE) in lake water, sediment and plant Lemna minor are shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3 and Figs. 2, 3 and 4. The results showed that the mean difference of metal concentrations in different media at all study sites was significantly different (CD < 0.05).
For low concentration levels typically encountered with heavy metal exposure, Kd values are preferable to parameters such as total number of binding sites or Langmuir isotherms, which assume higher concentrations and sorbent saturation.
The prepared MSW compost in Delhi has fertilizing potential (FI value >4) but also has heavy metal polluting potentials (CI value < desired value) due to excess heavy metal concentrations.
Smaller value of 1/ n implies stronger interaction between the adsorbent and heavy metal, while 1/ n values exist between 0 and 1 indicating the identical adsorption process and adsorption energies for all sites [ 41]. Figure 7 shows the nonlinear Freundlich isotherms which were obtained by plotting log q e against log C e values.
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