Four heated Markov chains (using default heating values) were used.
Therefore, for a heated wall, values of μ* > 1 corresponds to the case of gas heating, values of μ* < 1 corresponds to the case of liquid heating.
One quad is also equal to 293 billion kilowatt-hours or, for fuels of average heating values, the energy of 183 million barrels of petroleum, 38.5 million tons of coal, or 980 billion cubic feet of natural gas.
From this value, we obtained the lower heating values (LHV).
Bomb calorimeter is used to determine the heating values [24].
Higher heating values of biodiesels were calculated according to Ayhan Demirbas model [26].
These different fuel masses are basically based on different lower heating values (LHV).
Energy outputs were determined using the corresponding lower heating values (LHV).
All the heating values have been taken from Garg et al. [25].
The heating values of biomass materials are estimated from the elemental compositions and from IR data.
All the models provide satisfactory estimations of heating values of straw samples.
