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injection of carrageenan evoked hyperalgesia detected by noxious heat stimulus.
As expected, pain-related fear levels were higher after avoiding the painful heat stimulus.
To record the PWL in response to the heat stimulus, each hind paw was measured four times with a 5-min interval, and the mean value was recorded.
Avoidance group participants were led to believe they could avoid full exposure to a painful heat stimulus by pressing the stop-button, while control group participants believed they were exposed to the full painful heat stimulus at all times.
The present study determined whether muscle pain, induced experimentally by electrical stimulation, is inhibited by a painful heat stimulus.
Liposomal drug carriers with advanced functions are attractive candidates for targeted accumulation and drug release in response to heat stimulus.
After testing the Shaker and control strains at no fewer than 13 concentrations, the IC50S (isoflurane concentration in percent vol/vol at which 50% of the flies did not respond to the heat stimulus) were derived.
In reality and unknown to the participants, the intensity and duration of the heat stimulus was independent of the avoidance response, and was identical in both groups.
The left hind paw of the animal was exposed to a heat stimulus.
The first heat stimulus consisted of a ramp with a slope of 0.1 °C/s from 32 °C to 44 °C.
A nociceptive response to a heat stimulus was measured as described previously [23].
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