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Before heat exercise horses in both groups were warmed up by jogging 3,000 m at an approximate speed of 6 m/s.
The warm up before and jog after the intervals were the same as for heat exercise.
For the purposes of this study, these races were classified as heat exercise when calculating the amount of different types of training.
The HR10 after heat exercise was higher in R (P < 0.0001) with significant differences for all periods except 1, 2 and 5.
Our results are similar to those reported by Marshall et al. ([ 14]; ~9 beats·min−1, 0.2°C, 0.7 A.U) in participants that were described as heat acclimated following 3 repeated heat exercise exposures.
However, for heat exercise there was an interaction of group and period where C horses exercised with a HR > 180 bpm for a longer time in period 2 and 3 (19th of March-end of September 2011as 2-year-olds) than R. The speed when HR >180 bpm was the same for both groups during interval exercise, but during heat exercise C horses had a higher speed (9.2 ± 0.1 m/s vs. 8.9 ± 0.1 m/s, P < 0.001).
The influence of environmental stress including posture, microgravity, heat, exercise, haemorrhage and shock on the central blood volume and its consequence for cardiovascular control are considered in this review.
On a few occasions, as a preparation for participation in official races, heat exercise of 2,000 m was performed by all horses, since most official races in Sweden are 2,140 m.
As expected, C horses initially exercised for a longer distance with a HR > 180 bpm in heat exercise (P < 0.05), flat ground interval exercise (P < 0.0001) and uphill interval exercise (P < 0.0001) but after 6 9 months, time with HR > 180 bpm decreased in C and was no longer significantly different from R (P > 0.05).
Overall, the C horses exercised for a longer time with HR > 180 bpm in the interval training sessions (flat; P < 0.001 and uphill; P < 0.01) but there were no overall differences between groups in the heat exercise or cross country jogs (P > 0.05).
