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The phonons are the dominant heat carriers near room temperature.
Aiming at developing exhaust gas-driven automobile air conditioners, two types of systems varying in heat carriers were preliminarily designed.
The presence of Si dopants seems to allow for faster attainment of thermal equilibrium between different heat carriers due to the reduced phonon mean free paths.
Water-based fluids are frequently adopted as heat carriers for this technology, although their efficiency is limited by certain thermodynamic and heat storage constraints.
This is possible because the dominant heat carriers in nonmetals – crystal vibrations (or phonons) – have characteristic lengths in the nanometer range.
The present study reveals that the observed variation of thermal conductivity λ with temperature, for any non-conducting linear amorphous polymer can be explained by considering phonons as chief heat carriers.
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Hot-recycled-solids methods circulate either burned shale or an inert material as the heat carrier.
Flat-plate collectors typically heat carrier fluids to temperatures ranging from 66 to 93 °C (150 to 200 °F).
For the heat carrier inlet temperatures of 280 °C and 350 °C are considered.
The factors influencing to the heat carrier movement by its own momentum are examined.
The bed material is non-calcined olivine which acts as the solid heat carrier.
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