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By replacing the classic hydrostatic afterload column with a centrifugal pump, the Langendorff working heart apparatus described below allows for easy adjustment and tight regulation of perfusion pressures, meaning the same set-up can be used for various species or heart sizes.
These interactions have been demonstrated in a number of experimental models in animals, in isolated perfused hearts (the so-called Langendorff heart apparatus), and also in human atrial myocardium and human embryonic stem cells.
For isolated heart measurements murine hearts were taken at 6 and 12 h post-CLP, and mounted with retrograde perfusion at 100 mmHg constant pressure with modified Krebs Henseleit buffer in an isolated heart apparatus (Hugo Sachs Elektronik), as previously described [ 13, 42– 42].
For isolated heart measurements, murine hearts were explanted at baseline (6 weeks after bone marrow transplantation), and mounted with retrograde perfusion at 100 mmHg constant pressure with modified Krebs Henseleit buffer in an isolated heart apparatus (Hugo Sachs Elektronik), as previously described [ 31– 33, 46] (See Online Resource 2 for detailed information).
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Five days after transplantation, basal left ventricular (LV) pressure was measured using an isolated, isovolumic heart perfusion apparatus.
Since its introduction in the late 19(th) century, the Langendorff isolated heart perfusion apparatus, and the subsequent development of the working heart model, have been invaluable tools for studying cardiovascular function and disease 1-15).
Hearts from euthanized animals were mounted on a heart perfusion apparatus (Hugo Sachs Elektronik/Harvard Instruments, March-Hugstetten, Germany) and retrogradely perfused at 37 °C with oxygenated Krebs–Henseleit buffer at 80 mm Hg (constant pressure perfusion) as previously described [21].
There are three little-known organisations at the heart of this apparatus.
Major General John Lorimer, chief military spokesman at the Ministry of Defence, said the bombed targets "lay at the heart of the apparatus used by the regime to brutalise the civilian population".
"To see foreign technocrats take over the very heart of the apparatus of this state to tell the media how the state will be run into the foreseeable future caused a sickening feeling in the pit of my stomach".
Myosin heavy chain isoforms are traditionally known to be major structural components of the heart muscle contractile apparatus.
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