Much of this work is carried out for little or no financial reward via the professional organisations that represent specific industries or sectors, a practice that reflects a shared sense of responsibility on behalf of employers, explains Bernhard Beutler, head of international collaboration in vocational training and technology at the Swiss federal department of economic affairs.
It's a question of collaboration.
Measuring the speed of the neutrinos was only a side ambition, explained Antonio Ereditato of the University of Bern, the head of the Opera collaboration.
"The emphasis throughout the shutdown from the accelerator teams has been on safety, to avoid another incident, and to make sure that things continue to run smoothly," Prof David Charlton, head of the Atlas collaboration, told the Guardian.
Updated at 3.59pm BST 2.12pm BST Fabiola Gianotti, the particle physicist who was head of the Atlas collaboration at Cern when the Higgs boson discovery was announced last year, spoke to the Guardian's Ian Sample about the Nobel win for Peter Higgs and Francois Englert.
Led by Charlie Phillips, the Guardian's head of documentaries in collaboration with Rebecca Lichtenfeld of the Bertha Foundation, the standalone section will feature a high quality video player which spans the full width of the screen on mobile, tablet and desktop, offering audiences a beautifully designed, cinematic viewing experience.
This is a process that now needs to be started," says Tony Donné, head of EUROfusion, a collaboration of European fusion labs that carries out research on JET on behalf of Euratom.
TELUS senior director and head of learning and collaboration, Dan Pontefract, believes such measures reinforce TELUS' "future is friendly" credo.
But plant-related patents, such as one that the seed company Seminis is seeking for a line of broccoli with easy-to-harvest heads, threaten this tradition of collaboration, and could "hinder the very resilience of agriculture itself".
Alan Hay, head of the World Health Organisation's Collaboration Centre, said the genetic make-up of the virus suggested it would probably result in a mild pandemic.
