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Rarely in observational epidemiologic research are we immune to the hazards of confounding.
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We found a modest change in the hazard ratios (HR) between models 1 and 2, indicating a modest amount of confounding by disease co-morbidity and education.
Effects of confounding patients- and tumour-related factors were taken into consideration using Cox proportional hazard model.
First, to address the possibility of confounding by other markers of adiposity, we added baseline waist circumstance to the multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression model.
And the thought of confounding my enemies.
There was no assessment of confounding.
In order to identify factors associated with mortality, Cox proportional hazard model with backward method was used to control for the effects of confounding variables.
However, if "protective" hazard ratios were found with very short exposure to metformin, then this finding would be suggestive of confounding or other bias.
The problem of confounding also is discussed.
In order to control for confounding relationships between the variables, multivariable models were fitted for the hazards of neonatal death, with separate models for each survey.
Frustrating hazards of the trade!
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