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Physical vulnerability is related to lack of structural strength of the assets exposed to hazards, based on the potential intensities of the hazardous events in a period of time.
An extension of risk theory, vulnerability has been defined as "differential capacity to deal with hazards, based on the position of groups and individuals within both the physical and social worlds" [ Ahmad et al. 2001; NEJAC National Environmental Justice Advisory Councill)/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPAA) 2004].
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The assessment of the debris-flow hazard based on the predicted runoff and intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves is discussed in the study area.
To determine whether the initial genetic effective population size had an effect on the extinction probability of experimental populations, a Kaplan Meier survival analysis with a non-constant hazard based on the Weibull distribution was conducted using the survival package in R [ 52].
Umm Al Quwain has developed a plan for advanced emergency response to hazards, based on a study by the Roadway, Transportation and Traffic Safety Research Centre at UAE University in collaboration with the Emergency Centre of Lancashire, United Kingdom [42, 43].
A uniform hazard analysis, which analysed the vulnerability of each individual utility to the hazards based on known information, and ii.
National and international standards on gaseous fire extinguishing systems specify the minimum design concentrations of gaseous agents for flammable liquid hazards based on extinguishing concentrations determined by the cup-burner method.
But for the new, induced earthquake regions, the researchers modeled the future hazard based on tremors only in the past year.
Cox (1979) suggests another method to estimate the hazard based on order statistics but similar in spirit to the previous method.
Modern monitoring of the locust hazard, based on remote-sensing techniques, enables mapping of locust habitats, postdamage assessment, and observation of locust population dynamics at the scales from local to national (Latchininsky & Sivanpillai 2010).
Open image in new window Fig. 9 Example of debris-flow hazard map based on the hazard class for watershed and severity level by simulation through real-time link with AWS in the Jusan-Geochang area at 23:03, 18 July 2006.
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