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Most participants expressed that their primary concern would be the possibility of acquiring any ash at all, explaining that a hazard threshold even as low as 1 to 2 mm thickness would have very important impacts that they would need to consider: Any ash to me is the worst case scenario.
The total amount of blue light received during the experiment was well below the blue-light hazard threshold [47].
Although firefighters are exposed to mixed organic solvents during fire suppression [ 20], the exposure time is irregular and short, approximately 30 min per duty day, and fell below the NIOSH recommended occupational hazard threshold.
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The results show that the even-aged treatments initially place more area within our hazard thresholds than do the uneven-aged treatments and that the uneven-aged treatment that removes more small stems reduces risk more than the treatment removing more large stems.
This could restrict the application of the hazard thresholds to future events that do not undergo substantial wind remobilisation.
Continued application and validation of DDS schemes to case studies is necessary to improve accuracy of hazard thresholds and associated descriptors.
This means that continued refinement of hazard thresholds and the incorporation of vulnerability information and other factors external to the ashfall into schemes (Fig. 19).
Finally, hazard thresholds such as maximum distance from source, maximum ash load value at source and minimum sum of ash load needed to generate hazard curves or histograms can be set here by the user.
This indicates the limitations of using DDS as the sole predictor of impacts and suggests refinement of hazard thresholds and increased consideration of system types and design, and environmental and vulnerability characteristics is required.
Severe wind remobilisation, such as that which occurred on the semi-arid steppe, is not usually experienced in temperate environments, which again could possibly suggest that the DDS hazard thresholds would not work in all climatic scenarios.
Volcanic risk assessments lack the strong empirical dataset that earthquake research possesses (Wilson et al. 2014a), therefore hazard thresholds and damage descriptors based on 'expert judgement' are often the only available predictive tool.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com