2, in a network system, the impact of a spatially localized hazard may spread from covered area to non-covered area.
Unlike earthquakes that strike instantly and with little to no warning, lahars provide some level of warning due to instrumented warning systems, volcano monitoring networks that detect when a volcano is reawakening and moving toward eruption or hazard alerts spread through multiple channels of communication.
Civil aviation system, as a network system, may be globally influenced by such spatially localized hazards, as negative effects of the hazards can spread along flight routes between airports in the system.
Since the relationship between the hazard rate and spread in (23) exists, it is reasonable to assume the variance of spread equal to the variance of the hazard rate.
We first modeled fire spread, hazard and exposure metrics under historical extreme fire weather conditions, including node influence grid for surface fire pathways, crown fraction burned and fire transmission to residential structures.
Buoyant fire plume over a building façade spilled from the window of an under-ventilated compartment fire poses a serious fire hazard of flame spread to upper floors, a process in which the high plume temperature is the key parameter.
Bursting into existence just over a year ago in Kyoto, Clock Hazard has quickly spread its tentacles across the country, with producers in Nagoya, Fukuoka and Tokyo now in on the fun.
A study conducted in Xinxiang showed that the health habits of food processing workers were poor with a low level of food safety knowledge, and their attention to food hygiene was inadequate (47), which could be a hazard for the spread of dysentery through contaminated foods after floods.
Because of the hazards of disease and pests, most of the world's cacao is grown on small labour-intensive farms of less than two hectares (five acres) instead of large plantations through which these hazards can rapidly spread.
Banks are wary of moral hazard: if word spreads, borrowers with the ability to pay their mortgage may deliberately miss payments in order to get their loans adjusted.This last problem can be addressed by changing borrowers' incentives to default.
