Given the clear clinical response of these patients to DBS at rest, we hypothesized that clinical improvement could be explained by changes in the way neural populations within the motor loop impact upon one another; in other words, DBS has modulatory effects on 'extrinsic' (between region) effective connectivity.
Moreover, both agmatine and lithium have modulatory effects on α2-adrenoceptors.
Moreover, both agmatine and lithium have modulatory effects on the L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway.
Conversely, σ1 receptor antagonists are considered antiproliferative, antiangiogenic and to have modulatory effects on opioid analgesia [15 17].
Collectively, these data suggest that PACAP38 and VIP might have modulatory effects on nociceptive processing in the human skin.
In this study, we hypothesized that the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism might have modulatory effects on RCVS, especially vasoconstriction.
Three different concentrations of ATPA were tested and none of them had modulatory effects on mIPSCs, although highly visible impacts on sIPSCs were observed.
As IGFBP3 is known to have modulatory effects on transcription, for example through its binding to nur 77 [21], a possible explanation for IGFBP3 effects on sleep could be transcriptional modulation of the preprohypocretin gene.
In addition, feedback from the higher-order processing centres such as mushroom bodies (MBs) and protocerebrum to the AL (reviewed in [30]) could have modulatory effects on the AL circuits that might be involved in key odorant processing.
Octopamine application in the optic lobes enhances directional sensitivity of the antennal reflex to visual stimuli [8], and it has modulatory effects on motion-sensitive neurons in the lobula [36].
