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Serum vitamin D status was categorized based on 25(OH D levels as being optimal (≥75 nmol/L), or having insufficiency (50 74.99 nmol/L), moderate deficiency (25 49.99 nmol/L), or severe deficiency (<25 nmol/L), as recommended by the Endocrine Society (18, 19).
In the 1,801 subjects with the metabolic syndrome and complete 25(OH D data, 92% had suboptimal (<75 nmol/L) 25(OH D levels, with 27.0% having insufficiency (50 74.99 nmol/L), 42.8% moderate deficiency (25 49.99 nmol/L), and 22.2% severe deficiency (<25 nmol/L).
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Ten out of eleven subjects possibly had insufficiency attributed to a hypothalamic origin [ 74].
In contrast, 35.3% of the children had serum 25(OH D concentrations indicative of vitamin D deficiency(≤37.5 nmol/L) and a further 37.1% had insufficiency concentrations (> 37.5-≤50 nmol/L).
Nineteen percent of the patients had insufficiency of the HPA axis, whereas the remainder of patients, even though with an adequate response to an ACTH test or ITT, had lower peak cortisol levels compared with controls.
The other 24 patients had a progressive increase in creatinine levels during the follow-up period and were classified as having renal insufficiency (Lepkifker et al. 2004).
Patients were classified as having cortisol insufficiency if all the cortisol dosages were < 200 nmol l and all ACTH were < 12 pg l.
According to the results patients were classified as having adrenal insufficiency or not.
All patients were recorded as having exocrine insufficiency at some point.
57% of participants had vitD insufficiency, 8% had vitD deficiency, 61% were overweight and 58% had dyslipidemia.
Then in optometry school, in the 1970s, he found out he had convergence insufficiency — a condition characterized by eyes that don't turn in together, or converge, well for close work like reading — and was treated with eye exercises.
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