Hence, there is an asymmetry between proving arguments valid and proving them invalid: they are valid if they can be shown to be an instance of a valid form, but they are not proved invalid by showing that they are an instance of an invalid form, because both valid and invalid arguments instantiate invalid forms.
This procedure amplifies both the valid and invalid data, though, so researchers have to apply more stringent filters to their results.
The positive deflection in the SPCN time range in the no-target difference wave (see Figure 3A) could have potentially increased the SPCN latency difference between valid and invalid conditions.
Indeed, we have shown previously that the model evidence can be used to adjudicate between "valid" and "invalid" sets of spatial priors via simulations on a cortical mesh [Mattout et al., 2006].
Since oceans, rivers, parks, and other such areas have generally lower intensity values than other regions, we threshold to find the boundary between the valid and invalid regions.
Because the election was so close and the distinction between valid and invalid ballots so fine, Mr. Schlesinger said he believed that the judges had ruled that way simply to hand the decision back to the city.
Third, if participants had made eye movements to the expected target location based on an invalid endogenous cue, and subsequently had to make an eye movement toward the actual target location, it would follow that the RT difference between valid and invalid trials would be roughly 200 250 ms, reflecting the time it would take to make an eye movement.
The ANOVA has revealed a significant interaction ISI x validity (F 2,36) = 5.47, p = 0.008) with a difference in reaction time between valid and invalid trials occurred for the ISI of 150 ms (p = 0.0009, Newman-Keuls post hoc test).
After half of the trials, the subjects had a short rest of 1 min. Each block with constant %CV contained an equal number of left and right targets, counterbalanced across valid and invalid trials.
Experiment design can be used to discriminate between valid and invalid models.
If the valid and invalid are capable of separation, only the latter are to be disregarded.
