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have an analytically validated assay for its measurement, have undergone validation for addressing a specific clinical problem, have been shown to have clinical utility such as improving patient outcome, enhancing quality of life, or reducing cost of care, have a cost-effective assay, and be a target for therapy.
Uniquely for cancer prognostic biomarkers, uPA and PAI-1 have undergone validation in two separate LOE-1 studies; that is, both have been validated in a prospective randomized controlled trial (NCT1317108) and in a pooled analysis of individualized patient characteristics.
Although a number of simulators have been introduced for prostate surgery, none have undergone validation for holmium laser enucleation of the prostate training.
As with clinical interventions, surrogates that have undergone validation through a meta-analysis approach are more reliable than other surrogates. 1 5 However, even trials with thoroughly validated surrogates can never be as reliable as trials using clinical outcomes.
The GPRD closely monitors data quality and the recording of a wide range of atherosclerotic disease outcomes have undergone validation in GPRD studies, which, for example, have compared the electronic data to paper-based medical records or compared the rate of a condition in the GPRD to an external source.
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This signifies that the criteria set has been quantitatively validated using patient data, and it has undergone validation based on an independent data set.
PRZM has undergone validation and testing to field-scale runoff and leaching studies [15], [16].
Backhausen utilized the multi-itemed London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancies that has undergone validation [ 42].
The common measure that resulted from this process has undergone validation and will be reported.
The ED PQIs have undergone initial validation as indicators of community health with potential for use in public reporting, population health improvement, and research.
Four prognostic CPRs relating to acute whiplash (n = 3) or non-traumatic neck pain (n = 1) have undergone preliminary validation.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com