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Viruses have therefore evolved to dissect the cellular DNA damage response pathway during infection, often marking key cellular regulators with ubiquitin to induce their degradation or change their function.
Efficient cell cycle checkpoint signalling and DNA repair pathways have therefore evolved to preserve cell viability (Jackson and Bartek, 2009).
These data suggest that the short (~80 kDa) isoforms of protein 4.1R are essential to the cell and that diverse mechanisms have therefore evolved to ensure their existence.
It is reasonable to hypothesize that 4.1R80 isoforms must be vital to the cell and that diverse mechanisms have therefore evolved to ensure their existence.
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A stable, solid FN5 domain has therefore evolved to serve a key role in netrin-1 binding, able to resist the force generated by the binding from the either side.
A complex homeostatic network has therefore evolved to modulate cholesterol biosynthesis, transport and excretion.
Plants in the field are often subjected to abiotic and biotic stresses simultaneously or successively and have therefore evolved elegant mechanisms to respond precisely to individual or combined stresses.
Cells have therefore evolved programmed responses to very low oxygen concentrations, or hypoxia, which helps them withstand hypoxic environments.
Mitochondria have therefore evolved quality-control mechanisms to remove damaged proteins and to sequester and eliminate damaged organelles (Anand et al., 2013; Baker and Haynes, 2011; Baker et al., 2011) (see Fig. 1).
Bistable gene expression may have therefore evolved as a means to minimize the costs associated with the expression of certain virulence factors.
Insects have therefore evolved all sorts of ways to avoid freezing.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com