Third, the individual-level covariates included in some of the models did appear to have substantive impacts.
These physical ecosystem engineers – particularly, dune and marsh plants, mangroves, seagrasses, kelps, reef-forming corals and bivalves, burrowing crustaceans, and infauna – often have substantive functional impacts over large areas and across distinct geographic regions.
Exposure to adverse experiences in childhood can have substantive negative impacts on individuals' physical and mental development, affecting behavioural choices during adolescence and adulthood and ultimately long-term health outcomes.
Stratified models involving large numbers of subpopulations (including stratification by sex, age, risk, and disease progression) tailored to particular host populations and their cofactors indicate that the latter can have substantive epidemiological impacts.
Gallup reports that their "election polling trends since the advent of televised presidential debates...reveal few instances in which the debates may have had a substantive impact on election outcomes".
These losses to follow-up do not appear to have had a substantive impact, however, as results are relatively consistent across countries with differing completeness of follow-up.
However, only one study in the men-only meta-analysis had an 'active' comparator, and this compared supervised physical activity with unsupervised (and thus included an 'active' comparator of lower intensity that was not self-management support), and it seems unlikely this would have had a substantive impact on the findings.
Such gear has substantive negative impacts on most benthic habitats and communities by destroying three-dimensional structure, impacting spawning and nursery grounds, altering benthic community composition, and reducing future biomass, production, and species richness [28] [30].
(Indeed, the justices rarely have substantive discussions).
