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In contrast, probabilistic sampling methods are techniques in which all constituents of the material have some probability of being included.
The lower approximation identifies those objects that belong with certainty to a pattern; the upper approximation identifies those objects that have some probability of belonging to some pattern.
Most complex actions have some probability of failing, which is determined by rolling one or more of the game's polygonal dice (4-, 6-, 8-, 12-, 120-sided20-sided).
But there are more than three million ways to order a ranking of only 10 movies, and every one of them may have some probability, no matter how slight, of representing the ideal ordering of at least one ranker.
Below I analyze how to approach a project that has many somewhat independent sources of uncertainty (we can often think of these as multiple "steps" or "parts" that each have some probability of success).
Interior columns have some probability of being targeted by a terrorist attacks or damage in a car accidents resulting in losing their load carrying capacity.
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The future is uncertain, but we have trends to have some probabilities towards the possibility of an autonomous car.
If the ionic precursors are multivalent and both metals have some probabilities to be reduced by hydrated electrons and radiolytic radicals, the less noble metal ions (M'+) will act as electron donors to the more noble metal ions (M+).
In a strict sense, the government's economic policies are not a gamble – a gamble has some probability of success.
If nothing else has helped my arthritis, insomnia or back pain, it would make perfect sense to try a remedy that will not do serious harm and has some probability of working.
A common cause only gives rise to a correlation by having some probability of occurring, and some probability of failing to occur.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com