Many studies have shown the evolution patterns of APA in various organisms, especially mammals.
In Fig. 1 we have shown the evolution of two DNA sequences, of which one originally had equimolar nucleotide composition and the other one – the nucleotide composition of the third codon positions of ORFs from the leading strand.
CSF studies have shown the evolution of compartmentalized CNS viral populations [ 20- 22], CNS immune and inflammatory reactions [ 23- 25] and CNS injury [ 26, 27] from primary infection to advanced HAD/HIVE.
A growing number of studies have shown the parallel evolution of various phenotypes in many species, particularly those caused by loss-of-function mutations (Hoekstra and Coyne, 2007; Shimizu and Purugganan, 2005).
"Other people have shown the complexity and rapidity of evolution, but [Rainey's team] is demonstrating it together in one experiment".
The exploratory studies have shown the feasibility and utility of directed evolution in engineering the complex and promiscuous Rubisco.
Several experimental evolution studies have shown the fixation of mutations in RNAP during stress adaptation [ 44, 45].
The reversion of escape mutations in epitopes in less conserved regions of the virus is in line with many studies that have shown the presence of CTL directed against those regions [47] [49] and with previous studies that have shown evolution towards an ancestral, or consensus sequence, upon transmission to a new host [35], [50].
The present study has shown the different evolution for lung cancer mortality in women in the CV during the period 1987 to 2004.
Research has shown the complexity of sex chromosome evolution, as both supporting (for example, Musters et al., 2006; Baines et al., 2008) and opposing (for example, Betancourt et al., 2002; Thornton et al., 2006; Mank et al., 2010) evidence for faster evolution of the X-chromosome has been found (reviewed for Drosophila by Presgraves, 2008; Singh et al., 2009).
On the other hand, other studies have shown that the evolution of primary surgery, with the use of CO2 laser, robotic surgery, and microvascular reconstruction, has reduced surgery-related morbidity and mortality and improved function with even better oncologic results in some cases [ 8– 12].
