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Many of the RA susceptibility loci examined have modest effect sizes that the current study was underpowered to reliably detect online supplementary table S1.
Despite costing up to 15 times as much, long-acting methylphenidate preparations have modest effect on core symptoms based on parent reports, in comparison to short-acting preparations.
SNP-only and HLA-only models were also generated to determine the contribution of the disease-associated SNPs, which have modest effect sizes, to the risk score.
While linear mixed models implicitly assume that all SNPs have an effect on the phenotype (an infinitesimal genetic architecture), it is widely believed that disease phenotypes do not follow an infinitesimal model and that modeling a genetic architecture where most SNPs have negligible effect and some have modest effect (a noninfinitesimal genetic architecture) would increase power.
Current genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified 46 genetic loci, such as HLA, PTPN22, and CTLA4 associated with RA [ 2]; however, the identified risk loci of RA have modest effect sizes (odds ratios in the range of 0.78 to 2.78) and can explain only about 16% of the RA heritability [ 3].
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Interventions to change health-related behaviours typically have modest effects and may be more effective if grounded in appropriate theory.
This is due in part to the availability of drugs that when used individually have modest effects, but when used sequentially produce incremental benefits.
Income inequality should have modest effects on individual health.
ConclusionAge and exercise both have modest effects on circulating concentrations of TIMP-1 and-2.
Two mode-specific models found that walking and biking are more likely to occur on weekends and that the factors of land use diversity and design have modest effects on walking and biking.
However, we also note that other studies have shown that reduction of G9a can have modest effects on global H3K9me3 levels [47].
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