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Altogether, the above factors may have introduced differential information bias.
Differences in response levels between surveys may have introduced differential selection bias, most likely resulting in underestimation of poor health in those with low response.
Second, MHC-mediated selection resulting from pathogen pressures could have introduced differential disease susceptibility profiles between the monogamous and promiscuous lines during the three generations of breeding [ 49].
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The development of image technology has introduced differential imaging gel electrophoresis (DIGE) technique.
Thus, given that we focused on subclinical atherosclerosis, RA patients with prior events, who may have contributed to an even greater progression of CAC, had been excluded, and this could have introduced a differential bias.
The inclusion of mastitis as one of the diseases defining the outcome variable is likely to have introduced a differential detection bias, as dairy herds are subject to regular serological monitoring via bulk milk, whereas beef herds are not.
Although the fact that some individuals (3) in the independent group did not go on to receive imaging due to clinical improvement may have introduced some differential bias, we would expect this bias to be quite small given the number of individuals involved.
Limitations in this study include self-reported educational background, which could have introduced non-differential misclassification.
The use of routinely water quality data reports was likely to have introduced non-differential exposure measurement misclassification, and so the results may have been biased towards the null hypothesis.
This will have introduced a non-differential bias into our results, if any, i.e. both patients who had had a bone marrow transplant and those who had not will have been similarly affected.
By assigning a mean value of exposure to all those employed in a particular occupation, we may have introduced some non-differential misclassification, as heterogeneity in psychosocial exposures within occupations is rather large owing to variation in actual work tasks and between worker variability [ 24, 25].
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