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However, even if the headache diaries had been conducted prospectively our analyses could have generated selection or information bias.
If immunodeficiency viruses had repeatedly affected human populations locally before the current pandemic, this may have generated selection pressure for resistance, which could be reflected in genomic signatures in the chromosomes of the living descendants of the affected populations.
Loss or mutation of an AVR/effector protein would have resulted in the pathogen not being recognized by the plant host but would have generated selection pressure for its replacement by other effector proteins (Fig. 6).
One explanation for an apparent lack of GxG interactions in our study is that the genetically diverse host populations planted at the sampled location have generated selection for a generalist host-use strategy where most pathogen genotypes infect, grow, and reproduce in most hosts, as has been observed in other studies [ 62, 63].
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This may have generated a selection bias in so far as participating patients were potentially in better clinical condition, which may have influenced results.
We have generated replicate selection lines of house mice evolving with and without sperm competition.
This phenomenon might have generated another selection bias involving specifically only the group of enrolled female subjects.
This may have generated a selection bias, whereby the people who chose not to respond to this section of the survey may have held a different perspective on recording falls on incident reports than that captured within the present study.
On the one hand, this sampling procedure might have generated a generally positive self-selection bias towards clinical empathy and excluded vital experiences of other types of physicians.
This may have generated a self-selection bias eliminating women who were at high-risk for DV leading to underestimation of its prevalence.
Using the approaches outlined above, biologists have made a number of recent discoveries that highlight the ways in which random mutation and artificial selection have generated profound changes in domesticated animals and plants.
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