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The plausibility of southern range expansions, however, is predicated upon identification of factors that would have extirpated these species from southern regions while allowing them to persist in northern ones prior to a southern expansion event.
Sea level rise during this period appeared to have extirpated the last albatross colony in the Atlantic (short-tailed in this case), at which point the Panamanian seaway was closed leaving the North Atlantic isolated from recolonization by Phoebastria species.
Our results are consistent with the second hypothesis because we show (i) quasi-synchronous and independent shifts in diversification at the crown (or near) of genus radiations that may be interpreted as the recovery period after an extinction event [ 107, 117], and (ii) high rates of extinction along the long branches of the genus stems that may have extirpated entire lineages [ 32, 33, 59].
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It was intended to control the numbers of ex-soldiers living rough after having extirpated the final energies of the French revolution in the Napoleonic wars.
European conservative parties began to recover their strength only after 1946, and then only in western Europe, since Soviet power had extirpated all conservative political organizations in eastern Europe.
Today cheetahs have been extirpated from a large portion of this area.
Four endangered fish species, sustained by the Yampa's spring pulse, would likely have been extirpated from the region: the pike-minnow, razorback sucker, bonytail and humpback chub.
Many large mammals have been extirpated entirely or exist today only in parks and zoos; others are in danger of extinction, and their plight is receiving increased attention from a number of conservation agencies.
This figure is significantly greater than the three bird species known to have been extirpated in Vancouver.
This highlights the need for in-situ threat management at the three known sub-populations, one of which may already have been extirpated.
Using the species area function, we then predicted that approximately 14 bird species closely associated with lowland forest should have been extirpated.
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