Over the years, as residents have built and rebuilt stone walls, William Mazzuca, Philipstown's supervisor, said: "We started having encroachment on our dirt roads.
On the visual field test 64% had encroachment into the first degree lateral to fixation (macular-splitting hemianopia), consistent with reported prevalence.
In the southern Great Plains, United States, cattle are suspected to have increased encroachment of the woody legume honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Torr).
Out of every 10 schools visited, at least one had seen encroachment by private developers, religious organisations or illegal settlements.
Peasants and indigenous communities had resisted encroachment by neighbouring estates throughout the early national period and continued to do so into the 20th century.
Other, more theoretical arguments against encroachment have also been advanced; see for example (Ichikawa, Jarvis, and Rubin 2012), who argue that pragmatic encroachment is at odds with important tenets of belief-desire psychology.
In these islands the main fear must have been of encroachment by such Persian satraps as the energetic Mausolus.
PAGE A4 INDIGENOUS STRUGGLE IN PERU The indigenous Ashaninkas of Peru have struggled against encroachment from settlers and speculators, and a devastating war against Shining Path rebels a decade ago.
They have fought such encroachment since John Muir opposed the dam that inundated the Hetch Hetchy Valley next to Yosemite almost a century ago.
Consequently, changes in vegetation physiognomy, such as mesquite encroachment, have broad implications for landuse management especially in regard to reliable water supplies in arid and semi-arid environments.
