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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images taken have enabled the determination of the conjugated NP size which was around 39 nm.
This quantitation would have enabled the determination of the threshold at which PHB hinders ATP in bundle sheath chloroplasts.
Recent technological advances have enabled the determination of haplotypes by direct observation of molecular data and from genetic information, and with decreased reliance on population-based statistical estimation.
Recent genomic, cell biological and molecular advances have enabled the determination of cellular targets and mechanism of action of bacterial toxins, including the elucidation of the molecular pathways by which toxins bind to cellular receptors, translocate and modify the functions of intracellular targets, leading to intoxication of the host cell.
Metabolomic approaches have enabled the determination of metabolite profiles of plants grown in specific conditions of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S) or potassium (K), and these have been linked to transcript profiles in an effort to unravel the regulatory network adjusting individual metabolic pathways to mineral nutrient supply [ 1].
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Besides the HLC, intercept and goodness of fit (R2) values, this degree-days methodology has enabled the determination of the heating base temperatures in each university building, showing values in the range 14.5 19 °C.
This additional information, in combination with a reasonably accurate energy function, has enabled the determination of high-resolution structures for much larger proteins (Raman et al., 2009; DiMaio et al., 2011; Lange et al., 2012).
Recent instrumental and computational developments of cryo-EM have enabled the structural determination of viruses and other biological assemblies at near-atomic to atomic resolutions (Grigorieff and Harrison 2011; Bai et al. 2015; Bartesaghi et al. 2015), comparable to the structures determined using X-ray crystallography.
In the last 20 years, advances in cloning and purification of membrane-bound proteins and in crystallography and other methods of structural determination have enabled the structural characterisation of large numbers of receptors.
Such experimental efforts have enabled the postulation of GRNs for cell-fate determination in this system (see recent reviews in [ 13- 15]).
Use of this "blocking effect" has enabled the first-time determination of rates of acetate adsorption and desorption and of an adsorption isotherm normalized with respect to available surface sites.
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