We suspect that the patterns of bacterial genetic similarity we have documented reflect indirect transmission of microbes through the physical environment, such as through contaminated soil or water, rather than transmission by direct contact.
Several studies have documented that indirect costs, such as use of time and transport expenses, may have a huge impact on the ability to complete treatment, and patients may feel forced to choose between daily treatment (DOT) and daily work or other pressing duties [ 29].
A number of previous studies have documented the downstream consequences of the direct and indirect costs that TB patients incur.
"Not having documents is suffocating.
Modulation of BMP4-Smad signal strength by Shp2 may involve direct and indirect mechanisms, cross-talks between Erk, Stat3 and Smad pathways have been documented in the literature [37].
The direct and indirect effects of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs), which target the most common serotypes associated with IPD, have been documented in several high-income countries [4 7].
We have physically documented C.r.l.
Enhanced shedding of these organisms, resulting in an increased risk to other patients (an indirect effect), has been documented (i.e., in the case of anti-anaerobic agents that increase shedding of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) (24 ).
High indirect cost of BU has been documented in Ghana and Cameroon among hospitalized patients whose caregivers rented accommodation, or regularly visited them [ 6, 15].
5 9 This association has, however, been indirect as no O volvulus contamination of cerebrospinal fluid has been documented.
