The four global populations, all under study, are: North Pacific, Atlantic, and Southern Ocean humpbacks, which have distinct populations which complete a migratory round-trip each year, and the Indian Ocean population, which does not migrate, prevented by that ocean's northern coastline.
Different neural circuits have distinct population-level dynamics, connectivity, neurotransmitter systems, cellular constituents, and opsin expression properties.
At least one other distinct bird species with a similar geographic range occurs on the Edwards Plateau, the Golden-cheeked Warbler (Setophaga chrysoparia), and other organisms in this region have distinct populations or subspecies [ 40, 41].
The red horizontal line stems for the t-test confidence level (Bonferroni corrected) under which the probability of having distinct population is relevant.
ROS generation was assessed upon stimuli with PMA, which crosses the cellular membrane and binds to protein kinase C independent of cell receptor interaction, fMLP and LPS (bacterial agents from Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria, which have distinct receptor populations), and S. aureus as a heat-killed whole bacteria to induce respiratory burst through bacterial phagocytosis.
Third, the present modeling framework assumes equal effect of various NPIs in a homogeneously-mixed population, while different NPIs will have distinct impacts for disparate population groups.
A mixture model describes a population of observations assuming that the constituent sub-populations have distinct statistical properties.
We found that adult common ALL has immunophenotypically heterogeneous leukemia cell populations that have distinct subpopulations with bimodal marker expression or populations with broad marker expression.
Moreover, the prevalence and distribution of lice in farmed and wild fish populations have distinct patterns.
However, in those works the oscillations are not necessarily observable at the level of individual cell activity (e.g., Fig. 3 in [36]); here, we have distinct cell-level and population-level oscillations.
