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These data suggest that different Rosaceae plants have different environment and life histories, thus species-specific R-genes are duplicated to response to their specific ecological environment, pathogens or natural selective pressures.
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It's really hard to describe the flavour of these things, because none of them taste the same: they all have different environments and habitats that have an immediate impact on their flavour.
Oscar and Twin Oscar both actually exist (in Putnam's fantasy), but they have different environments, different contexts of acquisition.
The populations of P. labiata in Los Baños and in Sagada, both in the Philippines, have different environments: Los Baños is a low-lying tropical rainforest where there are many species of spiders, some of which are especially dangerous to P. labiata; and Sagada is at higher altitude, with pine-forest and fewer species of spiders, none of which are as dangerous to P. labiata.
Inclusion of the individual's race, income, etc, might be reasonable proxies for some studies but cannot distinguish two otherwise similar groups that have different environments.
Following previous theory on the effect of heterogeneous environments on maintenance of polymorphism, we analysed a model with two demes in which the demes have different environments and are coupled by gene flow.
More specifically, it has been shown theoretically that spatial heterogeneity in a metapopulation can contribute to stabilising polymorphism in these genes if different demes have different environments, such that the coefficients of natural selection acting on the host or parasite vary between some or all demes [ 30, 40].
In flagellar outer-arm dyneins containing either two or three heads, the rings appear stacked upon one another in situ (Ishikawa et al., 2007; Lupetti et al., 2005; Nicastro et al., 2006; Oda et al., 2007), implying that in these systems the two or three linkers could have different environments, with some sandwiched between two adjacent rings.
The last three elections have had different environments in Pennsylvania — great for Democrats in 2012, good for Republicans in 2014 and pretty even in 2016 — yet each election produced the same result in terms of Pennsylvania's delegation to the House.
The physical world has different environments.
Both are the same at the core, but they have different desktop environment.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com