Furthermore, while evidence that sexually antagonistic selection operates in humans is rare, there are recent examples that have demonstrated both selection and genetic variation can be sexually antagonistic.
In our previous study, we have demonstrated that selection marker attenuation with destabilizing sequences to reduce the transcript and/or protein levels of the selection marker gene, can improve the production of the recombinant gene of interest upon selection and MTX amplification [ 31].
Other studies have demonstrated the selection of pfmdr1 86Y and pfmdr1 1246Y mutations after treatment with AQ+ART [23], [24], and after treatment with AQ+SP [25].
Previous studies have demonstrated that selection for blocker resistant channels can lead to the identification of amino acids playing key roles in blocking mechanisms [9].
In addition, we have demonstrated that selection analyses of GWAS results can complement and augment the basic p-value of association attributes (Fig. 2) as many regions appear to exclusively favor selection of risk or protective alleles.
Several previous reports have demonstrated that selection pressure on Gag epitopes TSTLQEQIAW (TW10; gag 240 249) and KAFSPEVIPMF (KF11; Gag 162 172) induces immune escape through T242N and A163G substitutions respectively, resulting in impaired viral replication and reduction in virus fitness [21], [41], [54], [55], [56], [57].
Recent studies have demonstrated a selection pressure for reduced mRNA secondary-structure stability near the start codon of coding sequences.
Several studies have demonstrated sexual selection operating on male ornamental and display traits (see [ 3] for an extensive review), the presence of substantial additive genetic variation in these traits [ 13, 14] and in male attractiveness itself [ 15].
Simulations have demonstrated that selection against specific hybrid genotypes (i.e., locus-specific reproductive isolation), whether arising from single locus (underdominance) or multilocus (Dobzhansky-Muller) incompatibilities, affects α and β, but the effect of selection on α is often more pronounced, particularly if dispersal from parental populations is limited [ 20, 52].
In this first comprehensive study of non-coding sequence evolution and motif discovery in Theileria, we have demonstrated that selection favors short introns and IGRs, and identified conserved sequence motifs whose role in gene regulation can now be tested by experimental approaches.
