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In this study, however, less than 20%% of the participants eligible for IPT received IPT, which may have created confounding by indication and this is difficult to address in observational studies [ 53].
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The selected strategy may have created a bias toward higher expressed genes, but represents a trade-off between confounding the pathway analysis by using too many input genes and lost strength by not including enough low-expressed genes.
The important issue is that one has created a sample in which treatment selection is not confounded with measured baseline covariates.
That has created uncertainty.
They've created history.
If not, this could create confounds.
"Just as voters this year have been confounding the pollsters," Mr. Hatfield said, "this man has confounded the professional politicians".
Although a reservoir bladder which is seldom used in adult patients may have added compliance to the circuit, it could have further confounded our results by sequestering test compounds or creating areas of stasis, both of which are undesirable.
The song's lyrics have always been confounding.
Critics have been confounded by the flame.
But this setting has been confounding.
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