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In another Perspectives article, Joseph Stiglitz, until recently the chairman of President Clinton's council of economic advisers, argues that the changing demographics of the labour force, as well as more vigorous competition in the markets for goods and jobs, have contributed to a fall of some 1 1/2 percentage points in America's NAIRU since the early 1980s.
Some of the former Soviet states have joined the European Union, and their cheap labour and plentiful timber have contributed to a fall in prices of about 75% since their most recent peak a decade ago.
It added that previous measures, including reforms being introduced to tackle whiplash claims, have contributed to a fall in the average comprehensive motor premium by 14% since the start of 2012.
Such worries have contributed to a fall of about a quarter in Petrobras's share price since the start of the year.Because of the election campaign Lula and his candidate (who was energy minister until recently) felt obliged to drive a hard bargain with Petrobras, to avoid any suggestion that its outside shareholders were getting a generous deal at the Brazilian taxpayer's expense.
The sanctions are believed to have contributed to a fall in the value of the Iranian riyal and to rising inflation, with the cost of basic foodstuffs and fuel soaring.
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Public anger over that deal is said to have contributed to a 2011 vote ousting the former Miami-Dade County mayor from office.
Johnson said he believed this had contributed to a fall in the number of knife crimes of all kinds.
The ACE unit, along with other initiatives designed to speed up the treatment of patients, has contributed to a fall in the number of hospital admissions by an average of 20 patients a day.
That depends on total national saving ie, saving by companies and the government as well as households.In recent years the government's hefty borrowing has contributed to a fall in national saving.
Critics have said this has contributed to a fall in the number of Indians and other foreign students applying.
Between 1998 2003 the growing HIV/TB epidemic and cardio-vascular disease had contributed to a fall in average life expectancy from 72 to 60 years for women, and from 66 to 52 years for men [ 15].
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