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DIF occurs 1) if an item is sensitive to both the primary dimension and a secondary dimension and 2) if the reference and focal groups that have been equated on the primary dimension differ in distribution on a secondary dimension (Rousos and Stout 1996a).
The Greek goddess Leto, for example, may have been equated with the Lycian mother goddess.
Obama or his policies have been equated with socialism by hosts on CNN, Fox News, MSNBC, and CNBC.
In the last forty-eight hours I have been equated with Stephen Glass, James Frey, and Greg Mortenson.
For centuries, sour ales have been equated with Belgian beers such as tart lambics and cherry-esque krieks.
In his history, Harry Altham wrote that the 1884 Australians have been equated with the 1882 team but he himself disagreed with that assessment.
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Conservatives have focused on false crises of international terror and immigration, little recognising that many voters have been equating that narrative with their own real crises of unemployment, debt and foreclosure.
Economists have been equating money and marriage ever since Nobel Prize-winning economist Gary Becker published his seminal paper "A Theory of Marriage" in two parts in 1973 and 1974 also, not coincidentally, in the Journal of Political Economy.
American media have been equating poverty with blackness for years.
That is, many people have been equating the terms "religious" and "Christian" and, as a Jew, I feel that it is important to draw a distinction.
By contrast in Europe, ever since the French Revolution, religion has been equated with reaction.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com