Exact(8)
The government also lowered the number of employees above which a company is obliged to have a works council and give workers time off for its business.There had been hopes that Mr Schröder would continue with the liberalisation of Germany's restrictive shopping hours embarked on in 1996, but opposition from trade unions, as well as churches, proved too strong.
But the UAW (which declined to comment for this article) seems to see them as a foot in the door towards eventual union recognition.The status of works councils under American labour law in particular, whether a company can have a works council without a union is unclear.
Furthermore, we consider a subgroup of firms which are overwhelmingly covered by collective bargaining and almost all have a works council.
On the other hand, there is no levelling effect of competition in plants bound by collective agreements and/or that have a works council.
Furthermore, 6 per cent of male and 10percentnt of female observations are in the codetermination-free sector, i.e., work in plants that are neither bound by collective agreements nor have a works council.
As plants' discretion to alter wages in response to changes in competitive pressure should be more limited if they are bound by a collective agreement or if they have a works council, we analyse whether the competition effect is stronger in the sector with none of these types of worker representation (which in Germany is usually referred to as the codetermination-free sector).
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