They acknowledged that the state bills were not likely to have a practical effect anytime soon, since they will quickly be challenged as unconstitutional.
A formal threat assessment like this N.I.A. can have a practical effect in Washington by helping to reinforce the political conditions required for Congress to fund new national investments.
Scott Horton, an expert in human rights law at Patterson, Belknap, Webb & Tyler in New York, said the memorandums would have a practical effect in the prosecution of civilians who engaged in abuses in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Thomas G. Wenski, the bishop of Orlando, Fla., and a former head of the bishops' Migration Committee who remains a consultant to it, said he hoped the pope's visit would have a practical effect.
The shift will have a practical effect because next year Georgia's Parliament will take on many powers that now rest with the president, according to recent changes to the Constitution.
And while the MacBook Air might be smaller still, the difference is not going to have a practical effect for most users.
