We designated each population in terms of the treatment and broodstock source using the following descriptors: farmed, hatchery, sea-ranched, wild, mixed, and unknown.
Thus, we might expect h estimates to be higher when based on wild broodstock relative to captive-produced broodstock (farmed, hatchery, sea-ranched).
While risks from hatchery-produced sea cucumbers are recognised, more genetic research is needed in farming and sea-ranching programmes.
They also tended to be species which are not extensively used in aquaculture (farmed, hatchery or sea-ranched), the groups for which many estimates were available (Fig. S1D).
Each of the potential treatment settings (hatchery, farmed, sea-ranched, wild) is associated with a unique set of advantages and disadvantages in terms of estimating quantitative genetic parameters and on the traits measured themselves.
Figure S2 The number of heritability estimates available for each broodstock source presented for each of the following treatment groups: (a) farmed, (b) hatchery, (c) sea-ranched, and (d) wild.
When the fish were maintained in a farming, hatchery, or sea-ranching operation to estimate heritabilities, the fish were derived from a range of broodstock sources including wild broodstock (Fig. S2).
Young oysters are transplanted from the hatchery to the sea bed at Whitstable.
Mature genitors (C. gigas) were obtained from the Guernsey Sea Farms hatchery.
The use of broodstock of different origin as a method to improve fry production performance and consequently to minimize deformities was examined at industrial scale in a commercial gilthead sea bream hatchery.
Additional factors may have affected age and length at age at maturation such as environmental conditions including freshwater and sea-surface temperatures (Pyper and Peterman 1999), density of salmon at sea including hatchery fish (Bigler et al. 1996; Pyper and Peterman 1999), and changes in species distributions (Hinch et al. 1995).
