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Aside from the catch-and-release policy that obviously helps the individual salmon, it is hard to say if the hatchery program has had much effect on the wild fish.
Monitoring provided the opportunity to observe the effects of this hatchery program on the natural population from its inception.
In addition, the hatchery program in Icicle Creek supports negotiated agreements providing harvest opportunities intended to replace those lost with the construction of Grande Coulee Dam.
The proportion of wild ancestry smolts and adults declined by 10 20% over the three generations since the hatchery program began.
Key to any hatchery program will be the elimination or near-elimination of straying and robust monitoring coupled with appropriate adaptive modifications to the program as needed.
A new steelhead hatchery program at Forks Creek Hatchery was initiated in 1994 with the release of Chambers Creek ancestry smolts (juveniles ready to migrate to sea).
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Hatchery programs in Alaska have historically used plankton abundance as a guide for timing the releases of pink (O. gorbuscha) and chum (O. keta) salmon [34].
Because salmon runs have been shown to be more threatened by degradation of riparian (i.e., terrestrial) habitats than by harvesting, restoration activities such as the purchase of water rights to ensure minimal stream flows or carefully designed hatchery programs, may be able to compensate for substantial adult mortality [60].
With concerns over the role of hatchery programs for restoring wild populations, supplementation hatchery programs were designed to decrease negative hatchery impacts.
Our study sites on both rivers are below impassable dams, each with associated hatchery programs.
One selective force in supplementation hatchery programs is juvenile residence in a hatchery environment (McClure et al. 2008).
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