The application of molecular techniques, such as DNA sequencing, for phylogenetic analysis has successfully distinguished morphological similarity from homoplasy (Nishikawa et al. 1999).
Although brief, the BRFSS HRQOL module has produced results comparable to the SF-36 in prior studies, and has successfully distinguished groups varying in clinical diagnoses [ 19, 20].
Using high coverage RNA-sequencing, we have successfully distinguished gene transcripts from all three hexaploid wheat homoeoloci (A, B and D).
Cigarette smoke-exposed populations have been successfully distinguished from control nonexposed populations based on the expression pattern of a subset of genes, thereby demonstrating the utility of this approach in identifying biomarkers of exposure and susceptibility.
However, the true prevalence of ulnar nerve dysfunction after elbow injury is unknown, since authors of published studies have not successfully distinguished acute injury-related, acute surgery-related, and delayed (subacute or chronic) ulnar neuropathies, and furthermore, in most of these retrospective case series, careful evaluation of ulnar nerve function has not been included [18].
Pediatric patients with ALL carrying MLL rearrangement have been successfully distinguished from ALL and AML patients without MLL translocation as a distinct subgroup with a specific gene expression profile [ 9].
COI has, to date, successfully distinguished over 3000 avian taxa, including C. japonica and C. chinensis, by simply measuring COI sequence divergence within or between species (http://www.boldsystems.org/views/taxbrowser.php?taxid=51).
This approach has successfully been applied using volumetric data to distinguish between unipolar and bipolar depression (Redlich et al., 2014).
A German study has successfully implanted retina-replacement electrode arrays in a number of blind patients, allowing them to distinguish letters, words, and objects.
China has successfully followed this policy before.
