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The fractional differential equation with Riemann-Stieltjes integral conditions considered in Theorem 3.1 is singular, that is, (f t,u,v)) has singularity at (t=0) or (t=1) and (v=0), and (g t,v)) has singularity at (t=0) or (t=1) and (v=0), which generalizes and improves the known results for continuous functions in [16, 27 29].
In BVP (4.21), note that (a(t)) is singular at (t=0) and (t=1), that is to say, the nonlinearity has singularity at (t=0) and (t=1).
In particular, we consider that (f t,u,v)) has singularity at (t=0) or 1 and (v=0), (g t,v)) has singularity at (t=0) or 1 and (v=0).
However, contrary to the Caputo-Fabrizio derivative in this paper, the Caputo-Katugampola fractional derivative has singularity for (t =tau ).
In Example 4.1, the nonlinearity term f has singularity at (t=0) and (t=frac{1}{2}).
Note that (1.1) is indispensable because we envisage examples in which K : X × X → [ 0, ∞ ] has singularity at the diagonal.
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The powerful side of our method is that it can easily compute solutions even if the equation has singularities.
One can see from Equation 5 that the effective dielectric function has singularities at ω = 0 and ω = ΩTO.
The behaviour of Vandermonde matrices is different when the density of ω has singularities and depends on the density growth rates near the singularities points.
(3.35) As in the one-population model, the Perron eigenvalue has singularities, reflecting the possible breakdown of the Perron–Frobenius theorem in the thermodynamic limit.
Since f is well-defined on its domain y, neither the real-valued f nor any of its sub-expressions f i has singularities in its respective domain y i induced by y.
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