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VAS-A has shown validity but data on reliability is limited [ 43].
The original questionnaire with its 90 items has shown validity and reliability, but is not always practical for palliative patients.
The Pain Scale devised by Fries et al 73 was validated against a standardized pain instrument, ie, the Visual Analog Scale, and has shown validity in detecting pain in intact to moderately cognitively impaired residents.
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The CPQ versions have shown validity and reliability in older age groups and now appear to show some promise for use in a younger age group.
Psychometric validation of MFI-20 has shown good validity and reliability [ 15- 17].
The tool has shown construct validity for the medical expert domain, but was not valid for the intrinsic CanMEDS competencies.
A validation of the Swedish clinical bipolar hospital diagnoses has shown high validity, sufficient for epidemiological studies.
A comparison between measurements and simulations has shown the validity of the numerical method used.
Experimental use of the agent system with Field Servers has shown the validity of the Field Server Agent System.
The case study has shown the validity of this perspective, and the framework as suggested by Koselleck has proven useful.
The HADS has shown good validity and internal consistency for being used in subjects with headache [23].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com