Second, infrastructure support for mode-shifting freight from truck to rail or barge is likely to result in lower vehicle exposure on roads, which would have positive safety effects (e.g., [19]).
In particular, stimulus parameters that would optimise the magnitude of the illusion for stepping up, while at the same time having no adverse safety effects when descending stairs, need to be determined.
The nature of confounding factors, which should be accounted for in the evaluation of safety effects, has been explained in detail by Hauer [15], Elvik et al. [7], HSM [16].
However, the specific safety effects have not been documented.
In Bates et al [ 3] and Ammenwerth et al. [ 26] studies, the safety effects have been reported to be mediated through two mechanisms, avoidance of mistakes (increased prescription legibility and possibility to correct misunderstandings) and support for evidence-based prescriptions.
The assessment of each home took about an hour and involved a walk-through of all the rooms in the house and completion of a checklist to identify features of the house that had potential health and safety effects.
The finding from this study - that roundabouts with separated cycle tracks had a greater safety effect than those with on-road marked bike lanes or no bicycle infrastructure - is consistent with other research.
On-road marked bike lanes were found to have a positive safety effect in five studies, consistently reducing injury rate, collision frequency or crash rates by about 50% compared to unmodified roadways [ 61, 62, 65- 67].
The measures in this category have no likely or documented safety effects if there is no increase in fuel price.
Several long-term outcome data have documented favorable efficacy and safety effects of the tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) technique [ 17– 19] and the suprapubic arch (SPARC; American Medical Systems, Minnetonka, MN, USA) placement [ 20– 23].
