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Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) is not only important in β-cell function but also has proinflammatory actions.
We investigated whether β-tryptase has proinflammatory actions in the mouse knee and specifically whether a tryptase inhibitor can modulate experimentally induced chronic joint inflammation.
Thus, despite the fact that DPP-IV, the major inhibitor of incretins (15), has proinflammatory actions, fasting DPP-IV levels do not appear to predict the development of diabetes.
The 15-LO-1 enzyme has proinflammatory actions, with high levels of 15-HETE reported in sputum of asthmatic patients along with increased macrophage 15-LO-1 mRNA expression [ 11]. 15-LO-1 expression is induced by IL-13 in human blood monocytes [ 12] and by IL-4 in monocytes, alveolar macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells and rheumatoid arthritis synovial cells [ 12- 18].
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Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which occur naturally in meat and are formed through heat processing (15), may also have proinflammatory actions (16).
Nitric oxide can react with unsaturated fatty acids to form nitrolipids that have anti-inflammatory action [ 14], while reactive oxygen species and nitrogen free radicals can also attack unsaturated fatty acids to form trans-fatty acids (especially AA to form trans-AAs) that have proinflammatory action [ 15].
Activin has proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory actions [ 5], and it may modulate the adaptive immune response [ 6].
These findings suggest that hyperglycemia has proinflammatory whereas insulin exhibits anti-inflammatory actions.
Hyperosmolar stress has proinflammatory effect.
Resistin has proinflammatory properties in human [ 20].
Accumulating evidence indicates that resistin has proinflammatory properties.
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