In mammals, ZPC has previously been shown to be evolving by positive selection [ 7, 13].
On the other hand, TLR7 has previously been shown to evolve mainly under purifying selection in birds; with no or only limited positively selected sites in the predicted ligand-binding region [ 9, 10, 12, 13].
The NS5314 has previously been shown to have evolved under positive selection, making it a tempting candidate for an adaptive change 29; however, NS5314 only showed variation in Montgomery County isolates and was therefore unlikely to have affected the 2012 outbreak.
Specifically, a subset of risk alleles for CD and UC has previously been shown to have evolved in response to pathogen-driven selective pressures, the underlying scenario for some of them being balancing selection [ 12].
Of the three that do not, one of these, MCPH1, has previously been shown to have evolved under positive selection across a larger dataset of partial coding sequence in anthropoid primates [ 8] suggesting that the lack of significance may be due to the small sample size.
The model has previously been shown to successfully evolve behaving organisms, enable gene related phenomena, and produce biological neural mechanisms such as temporal representations.
Such a trade-off has previously been found in diversified strains that have evolved under similar conditions [ 24, 32].
It has previously been assumed that the specialized terrestrial habits of mystacinids evolved in NZ following their isolation there, just as flightlessness evolved rapidly and independently many times in island birds of NZ and elsewhere [e.g. [ 20- 22]].
Notably, they include central components of the anchoring system (Ndc1 and Gp210) indicating that the anchoring system did not evolve by convergence, as has previously been suggested.
In turn, the vacuolar invertase of Ceratocystis could have evolved from a cell wall invertase as has previously been suggested for plant invertases [ 5].
